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Àΰ£ÀÇ µÎ³úÀÇ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷´Â Ãà»öµ¹±â(dendrites)¿Í Ãà»ö(axon)À» µû¶ó Àü±âÀûÀÎ È帧ÀÇ Àüµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
¼·Î ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µÎ³ú½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ÀÇ Àü±âÀû Ȱµ¿¼ºÀ» ã¾Æ³»¾î ÁõÆø½ÃÄÑ º¸¿© ÁÖ´Â ±×·¡ÇÁ¸¦ ElectroEncephalo
Graph(EEG) ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. |
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Á¤½Å »óÅÂ¿Í ³úÆÄ Á֯ļö¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è |
Á֯ļö´ë
(frequency Bands)
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³úÆÄ |
»ó°üµÇ´Â µÎ³ú »óÅ |
0.5 ~ 3Hz
Delta
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¼÷¸é, ³ú ¼Õ»ó, movement or eye blink artifact, LD(À¯¾Æ¿¡°Ô ¸¹ÀÌ
³ªÅ¸³²) |
3 ~ 5Hz
Low Theta
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Á¹À½ |
6 ~ 7Hz
High Theta
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³»¸éÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÔ. ±â¾ï Àç»ý¿¡ Áß¿ä. ¸Å¿ì âÁ¶ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ Æ¯Â¡. ÀÐ°í °æÃ»ÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ ¿ÜÀû ÇнÀ
Àڱؿ¡´Â ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃßÁö ¸øÇÔ.
(¾î¸° ¾Æµ¿µé¿¡°Ô ÈçÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Á֯ļö´ë) |
| 7.5 ~ 8.5Hz |
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½Ã°¢È (Visualization) |
8 ~ 10(or 11)Hz
Low Alpha
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³»¸éÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÔ. ¸í»óÀÇ ¾î¶² ÇüÅ¿¡¼ °üÂû °¡´É. ÇØ¸® Çö»óÀ» °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (¼ºÀÎÀÌ ´«À»
°¨¾ÒÀ» ¶§ÀÇ ³úÆÄ) |
12(11 ~ 13)Hz
High Alpha
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³Ð°í ÅëÂûÀûÀÎ ÀÚ°¢ »óÅÂ. °í³µµ ±â¼úÀ» ±¸»çÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¿îµ¿ ¼±¼ö°¡ Áغñ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ °üÂû
°¡´É. (³ôÀº Áö´ÉÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ high peak alpha frequency°¡ ³ªÅ¸³²) |
13 ~ 15Hz
SMR
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Central Cortex¿¡¼¸¸ °üÂû(C3, Cz, C4).
ÇÑ °÷¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ¸é¼ °¨°¢°ú ¿îµ¿ÀÇ È°µ¿¼ºÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé ¶§ °üÂûµÊ. ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ ¾ø°í ºÒ¾È°ú Ãæµ¿¼ºÀÌ °¨¼ÒµÇ´Â
Çö»ó°ú »ó°ü. ÀǽÄÀûÀΠȰµ¿ÀÌ °¨¼ÒµÉ ¶§¿Í ¿¬°ü. |
16 ~ 20Hz
Beta
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¹®Á¦ ÇØ°áÀ» À§ÇÑ °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á֯ļö´ë. ÇнÀÀ» ÇÒ ¶§ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ º£Å¸ÆÄ |
| 19 ~ 32Hz |
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ºÒ¾ÈÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ Á¤¼Àû ±äÀå »óÅ |
| 24 ~ 36Hz |
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ÁÖ·Î ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢À» ¹ÝÃßÇÒ ¶§ |
| ~ 27Hz |
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°¡Á·ÀÇ ¹°Áú Ž´Ð °æÇâ°ú °ü°è |
38 ~ 42Hz
Gamma |
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Binding Rhythm: ´ë»óÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Ãø¸éÀ» Çϳª·Î ¹¾î¼ Áö°¢ÇÒ ¶§.
Peak Performance¿Í ¿¬°ü. (¶³¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇØ ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀâÀ» ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³²) |
³úÆÄÀÇ Á֯ļö¿Í ³úÀÇ »óÅ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è |
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¿ÁßÇÏ°í ½ÍÀºµ¥ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ½ÉÀåÀº ¸¶±¸ ¶Ù°í, °üÀÚ³îÀÌ´Â ¿í½Å°Å¸®°í, ¼ûÀº °¡»Ú°í, µµ´ëü
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ÁÖÀÇ·ÂÀÇ È°¼ºÈ¿Í¿¬°èµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿ÜºÎ ¼¼°è³ª ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â ±ú¾îÀÖ´Â
µÎ³úÀÇ Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ¸®µëÀÌ´Ù ÀÌ ³úÆÄÀÇ ½ÅÈ£´Â ºÒ¾ÈÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â °ÇØÁö°í ±ÙÀ° ¿îµ¿À» ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ¾àÇØÁø´Ù"¶ó°í
Á¤ÀÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. º£Å¸(beta) ÆÄ´Â Ç÷·ù·®ÀÇ Áõ°¡³ª ½ÅÁø´ë»çÀÇ Áõ°¡¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾îÀÖÀ¸¸ç. °µµ°¡
³ôÀº ÀÎÁö ÀÛ¿ë. º¹ÀâÇÑ »ç°í. ÀÇ»ç °áÁ¤ µî°ú °°Àº Ȱ¼ºÈµÈ »óŸ¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
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¾ËÆÄ(Alpha) ÆÄ
"¹éÀϸù¿¡ ºüÁ®¹ö¸®°ï ÇØ¿ä "
´ç½ÅÀÇ ´«Àº ÁÖ·Î °¨°Ü ÀÖ´Ù. ´À´å¾øÀÌ
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ºüÁø´Ù
¾ËÆÄ(Alpha) ÆÄ´Â ¹éÀϸùÀ̳ª, ȯ»óÇÒ ¶§³ª, ¶Ç´Â ½Ã°¢ÈÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¹æÃâµÈ´Ù ¶ÇÇÑ Æí¾ÈÇϰųª,
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Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© ¸ù·ÕÇÑ È¯»ó ¼Ó¿¡¼ »ì°Ô µÇ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Àִµ¥, ¾Æ¸¶µµ Çö½Ç¿¡¼ Å»ÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
Áñ±â°í ÀÖ´ÂÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù
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¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ³úÆÄ¿´´Ù
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°Í(be-all)¿¡¼ ±Ã±ØÀÇ ¸ðµç °Í(end-all)À¸·Î ¹¦»çÇß´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ¸¦ ¸¸µé¸é
"±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ"»óÅ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ¿© ¸í»ó, âÁ¶, ¶Ç´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ º¯ÇüµÈ »óÅ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇß´Ù´Â
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Æí°ßÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
µÎ³ú¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¸¹Àº ½Å°æ»ý¸®ÇÐÀÚ¿Í EEG Ä¡·á»ç ¹× ÀÓ»óÀǵéÀº alpha ÆÄ¸¦ ½±°Ô ³»´Â »ç¶÷µé
À̾úÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´«¸¸ °¨¾Æµµ ³ª¿À°í TV¸¦ º¸´Â µ¿¾È¿¡µµ ³ª¿À´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ Àִ°¡ ÇÏ¸é ±×·¸Áö
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¼¼¿ùÀÌ Èê·¶´Ù.
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¼¼Å¸ÆÄ(Theta)ÆÄ
¡°´À´å¾øÀÌ ¶°¿À¸£´Â »ý°¢µé.¡±
¿ì¸®´Â ¸¶À½ ÇÑ ±¸¼®¿¡¼ ²À ²¿Áý¾î ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ ¹º°¡ ºÒ±æÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ °Í °°Àº ´À³¦ÀÌ
¸Ó¸´¼Ó¿¡¼ »ç¶óÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§°¡ °¡²û ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ÆÁÖ ±íÀº °÷¿¡¼ ¹º°¡ °¤ÇôÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ
¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª¿ÀÁö ¸øÇØ ¸öºÎ¸²Ä¡´Â µíÇÑ ´À³¦À» °æÇèÇÑ´Ù. »ý°¢¸¸ ÇØµµ °¡½¿ ¹÷Âù ¿µÀû ±ú´ÞÀ½À̶óµç°¡,
»ó´çÇÑ Ã¢ÀÛ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î°¡ ¸· ÅÍÁ® ³ªÀ» °Í¸¸ °°Àº Çü¾ðÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ´À³¦À̶óµç°¡, ±íÀº °÷¿¡ ¼û°ÜÁ®
ÀÖ´Â °íÅë µî°ú °°Àº ´À³¦À» °¡Áú ¶§°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ´À³¦À» °æÇèÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ¼¼Å¸(theta) ÆÄ°¡
¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¹º°¡ ¾Ë¸®°í ½Í¾î ÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£ÀÌ´Ù.
¼¼Å¸(Theta) ÆÄ´Â Àǽİú ¹«ÀÇ½Ä »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÀáÀçÀǽÄÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çصµ µÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â
Ãß¾ï°ú °¨°¢ ¹× °¨Á¤¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ³»¿ëÀÌ Ç³ºÎÈ÷ µé¾îÀÖ´Ù. ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î´Â °¨ÁöµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ºÎºÐÀÌÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ
»ý°¢À̳ª ½Å¾Ó ȤÀº Çൿ¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¶§·Î´Â Áö¹èÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù ¾î·ÈÀ» ¶§ Çдë
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°÷¿¡ ¼û°ÜÁø ºñ¹ÐÀ» ¹æÃâÇÏ·Á´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÌ´Ù.
¼¼Å¸(Theta) ÆÄ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Ã¢ÀÇ·ÂÀ̳ª ¿µ°¨ÀÇ º¸°íÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù ¼¼Å¸(Theta) ÆÄ´Â ²ÞÀ»
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µÎ³úÀÇ ±â´ÉÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀ» ¶§¿¡ °ÇÏ°Ô ¹ß»êµÈ´Ù.
¼¼Å¸(Theta) ÆÄ°¡ âÀÛ È°µî°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ ³úÆÄÀÇ µµ¿ò ¾øÀ̴ âÀÇ·ÂÀ»
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Delta ÆÄ (0.5-3hz)
¹«ÀǽÄÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº delta ÆÄ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
±íÀÌ Àáµç »óÅ¿¡¼ ´Ù¸¥ ³úÆÄµéÀº ½¬°í ÀÖÁö¸¸
delta ÆÄ´Â Ȱ¹ßÇÏ°Ô ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ´Ù. deltaÆÄ´Â ¼ö¸é ÁßÀÇ ÈÞ½Ä ´Ü°è¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁØ´Ù deltaÆÄ´Â
´Ù¸¥ ³úÆÄ¿Í ÇÔ²² ±ú¾î³ »óÅ¿¡µµ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤º¸¸¦ ÁÖ°í¹Þ´Â ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì´Ù ÁøÆøÀÇ
Å« deltaÆÄ°¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ë°³ Á÷°üÀûÀ̸ç ÀڽŵéÀÇ À°°¨ÀÌ ÀûÁßÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ½º½º·Î°¡
¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁõÆøÀÌ Å« deltaÆÄ¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº °¨Á¤ ÀÌÀÔ ´É·ÂÀÌ ¶Ù¾î³´Ù ½É¸®Ä¡·á»ç³ª Ä«¿î½½·¯¿Í
°°Àº Á÷¾÷À» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº deltaÆÄ°¡ ¾ÆÁÖ Ç³ºÎÇÏ´Ù.
¿ä¾à : DeltaÆÄ´Â ¼ö¸éÀ¸·Î º¸¸é ±íÀÌ Àáµç ¼÷¸é »óÅÂÀÌÁö¸¸ ÀÇ½Ä »óÅ¿¡¼´Â µÎ³ú ¼Õ»ó
ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ º¸µíÀÌ Á¤º¸ 󸮸¦ ´À¸®°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÀÇ½Ä È°µ¿À» ¹æÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é(Biofeedback) |
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A: Caudate (±âÀúÇÙ) : ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç°í°¡ ÀϾ´Â ºÎÀ§
B: Orbitoprefrontal Cortex (ÀüÀüµÎ¿±)
C: Cingulate Cortex (´ë»óȸ) : °úȰ¼ºÈ µÇ¸é »ý°¢ÀÇ À¶Å뼺ÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°í »ý°¢ÀÇ È¸·Î¿¡ °¤È÷°Ô µÊ.
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º¸»ó ½Å°æ ȸ·Î (ƯÈ÷ Nucleus Accumbens
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ÇÇÅ© ÆÛÆ÷¸Õ½º (Peak Performance) |
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Crossover : ÀáµéÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡¼ ¹«ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Â »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. Àâ³ä¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª ³»¸é ±í¼÷ÀÌ µé¾î°£ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ¾ËÆÄÆÄº¸´Ù ¼¼Å¸ÆÄÀÇ amplitude°¡ ¿Ã¶ó°£ »óŸ¦ crossover¶ó°í ÇÏ¸ç ¸¶À½ÀÌ ºñ¿öÁø »óŸ¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. Crossover°¡ ÀÚÁÖµÇ¸é ¹«ÀǽĿ¡ ÀúÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ø ºÐ³ë, µÎ·Á¿ò, °øÆ÷, °øÈ² Áõ»ó, Á¤½ÅÀû ¿Ü»ó, ¹°Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¥¸Á µî¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦·Î ÀÎÇÑ ½Åü Áõ»ó µîÀÌ ÇØ¼ÒµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸¶À½°ú ½ÅüÀÇ ¾È³ç »óŰ¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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ACHD : CPT°Ë»ç(±¹³»»ç·Ê)
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Working Memory
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Peak Performance
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ADHD : ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é vs.¾à¹°Ä¡·á

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ADHD : ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é È¿°úÀÇ Áö¼Ó¼º

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°£Áú(Epilepsy)

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Hypertension(°íÇ÷¾Ð)
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NeurofeedbackÀÇ
ÀÌÇØ¿Í ÀÓ»óÀû¿ë
¸¶Àεå¸Þµð Ŭ¸®´Ð1, Æ÷õÁß¹®ÀÇ´ëºÎ¼Ó ±¸¹Ì Â÷º´¿ø Á¤½Å°úÇб³½Ç2
¹ÚÇü¹è, ¼ºÇü¸ð
The introduction and clinical applications of nuerofeedback
Hyung-Bae Park, MD. PhD1, Hyung-mo, Sung, MD. PhD2
1Mind-medi clinic, Seoul, Korea
2Department of psychiatry, Gumi cha hospital, Pochon cha university,
Gumi, Korea |
Address for correspondence
Hyung-mo Sung, M.D., PhD.
Department of psychiatry, Gumi cha hospital, Pochon cha university
855 Hyungkok-dong, Gumi-si, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea. 730-728
Tel ; +82.54-450-9678
Fax ; +82.54-450-9666
E-mail ; huyngmo@freechal.com
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´º·ÎÇǵå¹é(neurofeedback)Àº ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é(biofeedback)ÀÇ ÇÑ ÇüÅ·Π³úÆÄ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é(EEG
biofeedback), ´º·Î¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é(neurobiofeedback) ȤÀº Neurotherapy µîÀ¸·Î
ȣĪ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀÇ °æ¿ì Á¤½Å°úÀûÀÎ ¿µ¿ª¿¡´Â ¿À·¡ÀüºÎÅÍ µµÀÔÀÌ µÇ¾î Çൿġ·áÀÇ ÇÑ ÇüÅ·ΠÁÖ·Î
À̿Ͽä¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºÒ¾ÈÀ̳ª ¿ì¿ï°ú °°Àº Áõ»óÀ» È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤½Å°úÀû Áúȯ°ú ÆíµÎÅë,
±äÀ强 µÎÅë, °íÇ÷¾Ð µîÀÇ Á¤½Å ½ÅüÁúȯÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡µµ ÀÀ¿ëÀÌ µÇ¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.1)
¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Æ¹Ú¼ö, Ç÷¾Ð, ÇǺαäÀåµµ, ü¿Â µîÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀÚÀ²½Å°æ°èÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â
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µû¶ó¼ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ðµå(mode)ÀÇ ¹Ù¿ÀÇǵå¹é Áß ÇÑ ÇüÅ·ΠÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀº
³úÆÄ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³úÆÄ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Á¶ÀÛÀû Á¶°ÇÈ(EEG operant conditioning)¿¡¼
±× ±â¿øÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.2) ÃÖ±Ù ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿Í ÀÇ·á±â¼úÀÇ ¹ß´Þ°ú ´õºÒ¾î ³úÆÄ¸¦ ³úÀÇ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£ÀÇ ÁÂÇ¥¿¡
µû¶ó ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ƯÁ¤ ºÎÀ§ÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ¿©Á³´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ƯÁ¤ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é±â¹ýÀ» ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.3) ÇÏÁö¸¸, ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ
Ư¼º»ó ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ½Åü Áõ»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ú ÀÚü¸¦ ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ°í, µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ
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Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é°ú´Â Ä¡·á Á¢±Ù ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ´Ù¼Ò Â÷À̰¡ ³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ú±â´É°ú °ü·ÃµÈ
´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ Á÷?°£Á¢ÀûÀÎ µµ¿òÀÌ È®ÀÎµÇ¸é¼ ÇöÀç ¿©·¯ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Áõ»ó°ú Áúȯ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×
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1. NeurofeedbackÀÇ ¿ª»ç
1929³âµµ¿¡ Berger°¡ ÃÖÃÊ·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ 1934³â¿¡´Â Adrian°ú Matthews°¡
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Áï, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¼ ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶ÀýÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
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µµÀÔÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¿ëÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
1960³â´ë Á߹ݺÎÅÍ ¹Ì±¹ ½ÃÄ«°í´ëÇÐÀÇ Joe Kamiya ¹Ú»ç°¡ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³úÆÄ Áß ¾ËÆÄÆÄ(alpha
wave)¸¦ Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¾ËÆÄÆÄ´Â »ç¶÷À» À̿ϽÃŲ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ±¸ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ
°úÇÐÀÚÀÎ Neal MillerÀÇ ÀÚÀ²½Å°æ°èÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¶ÀÛÀû Á¶°ÇÈ(operant conditioning)¿¡
´ëÇÑ µ¿¹°½ÇÇèÀ» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·± ¿¬±¸µéÀ» °è±â·Î ÀÌ ¹æ¸é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 1969³â¿¡
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¸íĪÀÌ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ¸íĪÀ¸·Î½á ÃÖÃÊ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ´ç½ÃÀÇ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀº ÁÖ·Î ³úÆÄ(EEG), ±ÙÀüµµ(EMG),
ü¿Â(temperature)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀº Á¤½Å°ú ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ
½Åü Áõ»óÀ̳ª Áúȯ¿¡¼ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇϳªÀÇ Ä¡·á¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀÌ·± ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀÇ
ÇÑ ÇüÅ·ΠƯº°È÷ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é°ú´Â ±× ¿¬Àå¼±»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ ±â¹ýÀÌ °³¹ßµÈ ÃÊâ±â¿¡´Â ±× Àû¿ëÀÌ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̾úÀ¸³ª °úÇаú ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ¹ß´Þ°ú ÇÔ²² °è¼Ó ¹ßÀüÀ» Çϰí ÁøÈÇØ¿Ô´Ù°í
ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.4)
¶ÇÇÑ, 1970³â´ë¿Í 1980³â´ë¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸é¼ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¾Æ³¯·Î±×½Ä ÃøÁ¤À» ÇØ¿À´ø ³úÆÄ¸¦ µðÁöÅÐÈÇÏ¿©
³úÆÄÀÇ ¾çÀûÀÎ ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁö¸é¼ QEEG(Quantified EEG)¶ó´Â °³³äÀÌ »ý°å°í, 1892³â¿¡´Â
Duffy¿¡ ÀÇÇØ BEAM(brain electrical activity mapping)À̶ó´Â ³úÆÄÀÇ ÁöµµÈ(mapping)±â¼úÀÌ
°³¹ßµÇ¸é¼ ÇöÀçÀÇ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÎ QEEG feedback systemÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÓ»óÀûÀÎ ÀÌ¿ëÀÇ
¸é¿¡¼´Â 1990³â¿¡ Peniston°ú Kulkosky°¡ 20¸íÀÇ ³²ÀÚ ¾ËÄÝÀÇÁ¸ ȯÀÚµéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ»
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Ä¡·áÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¾ËÆÄ(alpha)-¼¼Å¸(theta) ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ÈÄ·Î5), ÇöÀç±îÁö °£Áú(Epilepsy),
ÁÖÀǷ°áÇÌ °úÀ×ÇൿÀå¾Ö(ADHD), ³ú°æ»ö(cerebral infarction) µî ¿©·¯ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ´Ù¾çÇϰÔ
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2. Sensorimotor rhythmÀÇ ¹ß°ß°ú ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ ÀÓ»ó µµÀÔ
1967³â¿¡ Roth µîÀº °í¾çÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÄÅÀ» ´©¸£¸é ¸ÔÀ̰¡ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â º¸»óÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø ÈÄ °í¾çÀ̰¡ ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ¾ò±â
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ÀÌ ³úÆÄ´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´ø ¼ö¸é¹æÃß(sleep spindle)°ú´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â 12¢¦14HzÀÇ
Á֯ļö¸¦ º¸ÀÌ´Â ³úÆÄ¿´´Âµ¥, À̸¦ ¡®sensorimotor rhythm(SMR)¡¯À̶ó°í ¸í¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.6)
¶ÇÇÑ, Sterman µîÀº ¸ÔÀ̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ º¸»óÀ» ÅëÇØ SMRÀ» ¹ß»ý½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.7)
ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ NASA¿¡¼ ·ÎÄÏ¿¬·á·Î »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ´ø Monomethyl hydrazineÀ̶ó´Â ¹°Áú¿¡
³ëÃâµÈ ¿ìÁÖºñÇà»çµéÀÌ °æ·Ã Áõ»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°ÀÚ, Sterman±³¼ö¿¡°Ô ÀÌ ¿¬·áÀÇ ¿ë·®-¹ÝÀÀ°ü°èÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÀÇ·ÚÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥,
½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ StermanÀº SMRÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¹ÞÀº °í¾çÀ̰¡ ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °í¾çÀ̵麸´Ù °æ·ÃÀÇ ¿ªÄ¡°¡
´õ ³ô¾ÆÁ®ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ÀÌÈÄ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡¼ SMR Çǵå¹éÈÆ·ÃÀÌ °æ·ÃÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ»
ÀǹÌÀÖ°Ô ³·Ãá´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ È®ÀεǾúÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈÄ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ °æ·Ã¼º Áúȯ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëµÇ±â
½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù.8)9)
ÀÌ·± ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ±âÀü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, SMRÈÆ·ÃÀÌ ½Ã»ó(thalamus)ÀÇ
º¹±âÀúÇÙ(ventrobasal nuclei)¿¡¼ÀÇ Àü±âÀû ¹æÃâÀ» tonic discharge¿¡¼ systematic,
rhythmic discharge·Î º¯È½ÃÅ´À¸·Î¼ GABA¸¦ ÅëÇØ ü¼º°¨°¢ Á¤º¸ 󸮰úÁ¤(somatosensory
information process)¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦Çϰí, ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ±äÀåµµ¸¦ ³·Ãß´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù.10) ÃÖ±Ù fMRI¸¦
ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡¼´Â SMRÀÌ ±âÀúÇÙ(basal ganglia)ÀÇ ¼±Á¶Ã¼(striatum)¿¡¼ÀÇ ´ë»çȰµ¿ÀÇ
Áõ°¡¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ°í,9) ADHD ¾Æµ¿À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ SMRÈÆ·Ã ¹× fMRI ¿¬±¸¿¡¼µµ ¿ìÃø ÀüµÎ´ë»óÇÇÁú(right
anterior cingulate cortex), ÁÂÃø ¹Ì»óÇÙ(left caudate nucleus),
ÁÂÃø ÈæÁú(left substantia nigra) µîÀÇ ºÎÀ§°¡ Ȱ¼ºÈ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ´Â µî ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.11)
NeurofeedbackÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹è°æ
1. ³úÆÄ¿Í ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é
¾Õ¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ °Íó·³ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀº ƯÁ¤ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇàÇØÁö´Â ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ ³úÆÄ¸¦
Á¶ÀÛÀû Á¶°Çȸ¦ ÅëÇØ Áõ°¡½ÃŰ°Å³ª ¾ïÁ¦½ÃÄѼ ¿øÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ¾ò°íÀÚÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ °¡Àå ±âº»ÀÌ µÇ´Â
¿ø¸®ÀÌÀÚ ¸ñÀûÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ ÀÓ»óÀû ÀÌ¿ëÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ³úÆÄ¿Í ±× ³úÆÄ°¡
³ªÅ¸³¯ ¶§ÀÇ ³úÀÇ »óųª Áõ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
°¢°¢ÀÇ ³úÆÄ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¾ð±ÞÇÏÀÚ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. À̵é Áß ¾ËÆÄÆÄ¿Í º£Å¸ÆÄ, ¼¼Å¸ÆÄ°¡ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î
ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁø´Ù.
(1) ¾ËÆÄÆÄ(Alpha wave)
ÀÌ´Â 8¢¦11(ȤÀº 12)HzÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ »óÅ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ³úÆÄÀÌ´Ù. ´«À» °¨°í °í¿äÇÑ
»óÅ¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿ÏµÈ »óÅÂ¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. KamiyaÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼µµ ºÒ¾ÈÀÌ
³·Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ°¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, WatsonµîÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼µµ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¸é ºÒ¾ÈÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ°í, À̿ܿ¡µµ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ´Â ±â¾ïÀ̳ª ³ú¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¤º¸Ã³¸®¼Óµµ µî¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.12)
¶ÇÇÑ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ´Â ¹éÀϸùÀ̳ª ȯ»ó°ú °°Àº ½Ã°¢ÈÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç, Æí¾ÈÇÑ Àڱ⠼ö¿ëÀû »óÅ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù°í
Çϸç, ¸í»óÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ °üÂûµÇ´Â ³úÆÄÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. Á¤½ÅÀÇÇÐÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ´Â ¹«Àǽİú ÀǽÄÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â
¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ²ÞÀ̳ª ¸í»óÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾î¶² °æÇèÀ» ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ±â¾ïÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.3)
¾ËÆÄÆÄ¸¦ Á» ´õ ¼¼ºÐÇÏ¿© º¸¸é, 10¢¦12HzÀÇ ¾ËÆÄÆÄ(upper alpha wave)´Â Àå±â±â¾ï(long-term
semantic memory)¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ °¨°¢Á¤º¸Ã³¸®(sensory process)¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, 8¢¦10HzÀÇ
¾ËÆÄÆÄ(lower alpha wave)´Â ÁýÁß·Â(attention)°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.13)
(2) º£Å¸ÆÄ(Beta wave)
º£Å¸ÆÄ´Â 12Hz ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ À̾߱âÇϸç, ÈçÈ÷ 12¢¦35Hz»çÀÌÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. À̸¦ Á»´õ ¼¼ºÐÇϸé
SMR(12¢¦15Hz), mid-beta(15¢¦18Hz), high-beta(20HzÀÌ»ó)·Î ±¸ºÐÇϸç,
°¢°¢ÀÇ ³úÆÄ´Â ³ú±â´ÉÀÇ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ »óŸ¦ ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Mid betaÆÄÀÇ °æ¿ì Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ³í¸®Àû »ç°í¿Í
¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÇØ°á, ¿ÜÀû ÁÖÀǷ¿¡ °ü¿©Çϸç, ¿ìÃø ³úÀÇ °æ¿ì 12¢¦15Hz, ÁÂÃø ³úÀÇ °æ¿ì 15¢¦18HzÀÇ
¹üÀ§°¡ °¡Àå Á¤»óÀûÀΠȰµ¿À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿µ¿ªÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, 20Hz°¡ ³Ñ¾î°¡´Â high betaÆÄ´Â
±äÀå°ú ºÒ¾ÈÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ³ú±â´ÉÀÌ È寮·¯¶ß¸°´Ù. 35HzÀÌ»óÀÇ ºü¸¥ ³úÆÄ¸¦ °¨¸¶ÆÄ(gamma
wave)¶ó°í Çϴµ¥, ´ë°³ ³ú¼Õ»ó°ú °°Àº °æ¿ì¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â º´ÀûÀÎ ³úÆÄÀÌÁö¸¸, °íµµÀÇ ¼öÇà´É·Â°úµµ °ü·Ã¼ºÀÌ
Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.3)
º£Å¸ÆÄÀÇ Á֯ļö¹üÀ§¿¡ µé¾î°¡Áö¸¸ Á¶±Ý Ư¼öÇÑ ÇüÅ·ΠSMRÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â 10¢¦14(ȤÀº 15)HzÀÇ
Á֯ļö·Î ´«À» ¶ß°í ¸öÀ» Æí¾ÈÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Àڱؿ¡ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁýÁßÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ±í°í, ÀÌ SMRÀ»
Áõ°¡½ÃŰ´Â Çǵå¹éÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇØ ÁÖÀÇÁýÁ߷°ú °¨°¢ÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµ, ±â¾ï·Â, ¾ð¾î ÀÎÁö´É·Â µîÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í
ÇÑ´Ù.13)14)
(3) ¼¼Å¸ÆÄ(Theta wave)
4¢¦7HzÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ¸»Çϸç, ¼ö¸é »óÅ¿¡¼ °¡Àå ÈçÈ÷ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³úÆÄÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ²ÞÀ» ²Ù°íÀÖ´Â µ¿¾ÈÀ̳ª
¸í»óÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ³ªÅ¸³ª±âµµ Çϸç, ÅëÂû·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Áö°í Àǽİú ¹«ÀÇ½Ä »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í Ç¥ÇöµÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.3) ÀÛµ¿±â¾ï(working
memory)ÀÇ µî·Ï(encoding)°ú °Ë»ö(retrieval)¿¡ °ü¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,13)
¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ°Ô µÉ peak performance¿¡µµ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.15)
(4) µ¨Å¸ÆÄ(Delta wave)
0.5¢¦3HzÀÇ ³úÆÄ¸¦ ¸»Çϸç, ÈçÈ÷ ±íÀº ¼ö¸é»óÅ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ³úÆÄ·Î, °¢¼º»óÅ¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áï, µÎºÎ¼Õ»ó ȯÀÚ¿¡¼Ã³·³ °¢¼º»óÅ¿¡¼ÀÇ µ¨Å¸ÆÄ´Â ³úÀÇ Á¤º¸Ã³¸®¼Óµµ¸¦
´ÊÃß¾î ÀǽÄÀÇ È°µ¿À» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù.3)
2. ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é »ç¿ëÀÇ ´ëÇ¥Àû ¹æ¹ýµé
¾Õ¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ´ë·Î ƯÁ¤ ³úÆÄ¸¦ Ȱ¼ºÈÇϰųª ȤÀº ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÓ»óÀû È¿°ú¸¦ ¾ò°íÀÚÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀû ÇÏ¿¡
´º·ÎÇǵå¹é¿¡¼´Â ÈçÈ÷ µÎ °¡Áö ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇØ Áõ°¡½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ³úÆÄ, ȤÀº ÈÆ·ÃÀÇ
¸ñÀûÀÌ µÇ´Â ³úÆÄ¿¡ µû¶ó Çϳª´Â Beta/SMRÈÆ·ÃÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â alpha-thetaÈÆ·ÃÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¾î¶² ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº Áõ»óÀ̳ª Áúȯ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁö´Âµ¥, Ä¡·áÀÚ´Â ÈÆ·Ã ½ÃÀÛ Àü¿¡ ¾î´À ÈÆ·Ã¹ýÀ»
ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó °ÈÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ³úÆÄ¿µ¿ª, Áï º¸»óÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ³úÆÄ¿µ¿ª(reward
band)°ú ¾ïÁ¦¿µ¿ª(inhibit band)¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ³úÆÄ(EEG) ÃøÁ¤½Ã¿Í ´Þ¸® ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é¿¡¼´Â ÈçÈ÷ 3°³ÀÇ Àü±ØÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, ´Ü±Ø¼º ÈÆ·Ã(unipolar
training)½Ã¿¡´Â 2°³´Â ¾çÃø ±ÓºÒ¿¡ ºÎÂøÀ» ÇÏ¿© °¢°¢ reference¿Í ground·Î »ç¿ëÀ» Çϰí,
Çϳª´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûºÎÀ§¿¡ ºÙÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̶§ Àü±ØÀ» ºÙÀÌ´Â À§Ä¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ EEG ÃøÁ¤½Ã¿Í °°Àº international
10-20 systemÀ» µû¸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. Ư¼öÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡ ¾ç±Ø¼º ÈÆ·Ã(bipolar training)À» ¸ñÀû¿¡
µû¶ó »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ À̶§´Â Àü±ØÇϳª¸¦ ÇÑÂÊ ±ÓºÒ¿¡ ºÙÀ̰í, ´Ù¸¥ 2°³ÀÇ Àü±ØÀ» Ä¡·á¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó ¿øÇÏ´Â
À§Ä¡¿¡ ºÙÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» ÅëÇØ Beta/SMRÆÄ¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Beta/SMRÈÆ·ÃÀÇ °æ¿ì°¡ °¡Àå ÈçÈ÷ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀε¥,
¹Ì¸® ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ¿øÇÏ´Â ¿µ¿ªÀÇ ³úÆÄ¿Í ¾ïÁ¦µÇ¾î¾ßÇÏ´Â ³úÆÄÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» ¹Ì¸® ¼³Á¤Çϰí ÇÇÈÆ·ÃÀÚ°¡ ÈÆ·ÃÀ»
ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ³úÆÄÀÇ ¾ç¿¡ µû¶ó ½Ã°¢Àû º¸»ó(visual reward)ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æ¯Â¡ÀÌ´Ù.
Alpha-thetaÈÆ·Ã°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ´«À» ¶ß°í ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ º¸¸é¼ ÁøÇàÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ÈçÈ÷ ÁÖÀǷ°áÇÌÀå¾Ö,
ÇнÀÀå¾Ö, ¾ß´¢Áõ, ºÒ¾È, ¿ì¿ï, Ãæµ¿¼º Á¶Àý, °£Áú¾ïÁ¦, ³ú°æ»ö ¹× µÎºÎ¼Õ»ó¿¡ µû¸¥ ÀÎÁö±â´ÉÀúÇÏ µîÀÇ
Ä¡·á¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Áõ»óÀ̳ª »ç¿ë ¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó ÁÂÃø¹Ý±¸(left hemisphere)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Beta
trainingÀ̳ª ¿ìÃø¹Ý±¸(right hemisphere)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ SMR trainingÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸç,
°æ¿ì¿¡ µû¶ó¼´Â µÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.3)
Alpha-theta ÈÆ·Ã¹ýÀº ´«À» °¨Àº ä·Î ÈÆ·ÃÀÌ ÁøÇàÀÌ µÇ´Âµ¥, ¼Ò¸®(sound)¸¦ ÅëÇØ º¸»ó(reward)ÀÌ
ÁÖ¾îÁö¸ç, thetaÆÄÀÇ È°¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÈÆ·Ã Áß alphaÆÄ¿¡¼ thetaÆÄ·Î
ÀüȯµÇ´Â cross-overÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀÌ ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. °øÈ²Àå¾ÖÀÇ Ä¡·á, °¢Á¾ ¹°ÁúÁßµ¶, ¿Ü»ó ÈÄ
½ºÆ®·¹½ºÀå¾Ö, ¸¸¼ºÇÇ·ÎÁõÈıº, ÇØ¸®Àå¾Ö, °¹ÚÁõ µîÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¸ç, ÃÖ±Ù ¿îµ¿À̳ª ¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿°ú °ü·ÃµÈ
peak performanceÀÇ Çâ»ó¿¡µµ ±× °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.3)13) ÇÑ °¡Áö Èï¹Ì·Î¿î »ç½ÇÀº
thetaÆÄ°¡ Ȱ¼ºÈµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â cross-over¸¦ Áö³ª°í thetaÆÄ°¡ Ȱ¼ºµµ°¡ Áõ°¡µÇ¸é Æò¿ÂÇÔ,
±íÀº Æòȷοò, ±íÀº ÀÌ¿Ï, ¸¼Àº »ç°í¿Í ´õ¿í Çâ»óµÈ ÁýÁß·ÂÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÇ¸ç, guided imageryµîÀ»
Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Àΰ£ÀÇ ±íÀº ¹«ÀǽĿ¡¼ ±âÀÎµÈ °¢Á¾ Áõ»ó¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.3)
NeurofeedbackÀÇ ÀÓ»óÀû¿ë
¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é Ä¡·á¹ý°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀº ³ú(brain) ÀÚü¸¦ Ä¡·áÀÇ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Çϸç, ³ú±â´ÉÀÇ º¯È¸¦
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼, ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ ÀÓ»óÀû ÀÌ¿ëÀº ³ú±â´É°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¸¹Àº Áúȯ¿¡
´ëÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ÀÀ¿ëÀÌ µÇ¾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Ãµµ°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÅÀÇ
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Áúȯ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ °¡Áö´Â Á¤È®ÇÑ Ä¡·á±âÀü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸,
Ä¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°á°úµéÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ°í ÀÚ·á°¡ ÃàÀûµÇ¾îÁ®°¡°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Ä¡·á¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ Å¸´çµµµµ ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ°í
ÀÖ´Ù. SMR, alpha-theta protocol¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å¸´ç¼ºÀ» Á¶»çÇØº» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ·± ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÈÆ·ÃÀÌ
ÁýÁß·Â, ±â¾ï·Â, À½¾ÇÀû ¼öÇà´É·ÂÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ±âµµ Çß´Ù.16) ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ü°èÀûÀ̰í
Àß Â¥ÀÎ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ºÎÁ·Çϰí, ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ¿¬±¸µéÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸¿Í °æÇèÀÇ ÃàÀûÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â
°ÍÀ» ÀüÁ¦Çϸé¼, ¿©±â¿¡¼´Â ºñ±³Àû ¿¬±¸°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾îÁ® ÀÖ°í, È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸°á°ú°¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ°í
ÀÖ´Â ÁúȯµéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÀÓ»óÀû Àû¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ìÆìº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¼Ò°³µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Áúȯµé À̿ܿ¡µµ Áõ»óÀ̳ª
Áúȯ, ¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÓ»óÀû Àû¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(Table 1).
1. Epilepsy
µ¿¹°½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ SMR Çǵå¹éÈÆ·ÃÀÌ °£ÁúÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ³·Ãá´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ È®ÀÎµÈ ÈÄ ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ¸ÕÀú µµÀÔµÈ
¿µ¿ªÀ̰í, ÇöÀçµµ °£Áú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ SMR ÈÆ·Ã¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.7)9) °£ÁúȯÀÚµéÀ»
´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ Ãʱ⿬±¸µéÀ» º¸¸é ´ë°³ Æò±Õ 80%Á¤µµÀÇ Ä¡·áÈ¿°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈķεµ ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ
¿¬±¸°á°úµéÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.9) °£ÁúȯÀÚ 24¸íÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ½Ç½ÃµÈ ÀÌÁß-¸Í°Ë(double-blind) ¿¬±¸¸¦
º¸¸é, 61%ÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼ ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â °£Áú¹ß»ýºóµµÀÇ °¨¼Ò°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç,17) ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ °£ÁúÀÇ
Ä¡·á¿¡ µµÀÔÀÌ µÈ ÀÌÈÄ ÃÖ±Ù±îÁö ¸¹Àº ÀÓ»ó°á°ú¿Í ¿¬±¸°á°úµéÀÌ º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.18)19) ¶Ç, StermanÀº
ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀÇ È¯ÀÚµéÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú 174¸íÀÇ °£ÁúȯÀÚ Áß ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ¸·Î Ä¡·áÇÑ È¯ÀÚÀÇ 82%¿¡¼
50%ÀÌ»óÀÇ °£Áú¹ß»ýºóµµ°¡ °¨¼ÒÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, À̵é Áß 5%´Â 1³â±îÁö °æ·ÃÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î
º¸°íÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.20) ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ±Ù°ÅÁß½ÉÀÇ Ä¡·á¸¦ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹¼Ò¾ÆÃ»¼Ò³âÁ¤½ÅÀÇÇÐȸ(American academy
of child and adolescent psychiatry; AACAP)¿¡¼µµ SMR ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ °£ÁúÄ¡·á¿¡
ÀÖ¾î¼ ¡®clinical guideline¡¯À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ±âÁØÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.9)
¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö SMR ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ °£ÁúÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ÁÙÀÌ´Â ±âÀüÀº ¸íÈ®È÷ ¹àÇôÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀϺÎÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ ½Ã»óÇÙ(thalamic
nuclei)¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© GABA¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½Ä°ú ½Ã»ó-ÇÇÁú Áøµ¿(thalamocortical oscillation)À»
¾ÈÁ¤È½ÃŰ´Â ±âÀü µîÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.9)
ÀÌó·³ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸µé¿¡¼ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é ÈÆ·ÃÀÌ ¹ßÀÛÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ³úÆÄ¸¦ ºñȰ¼ºÈÇÔÀ¸·Î½á °æ·ÃÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î,
°æ·ÃÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ¸·°Å³ª Ä¡·á¾à¹°À» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ¾î °£ÁúÄ¡·á¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ½Àº ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö¸¸,
´º·ÎÇǵå¹é ÈÆ·Ã°ú °£Áú³úÆÄÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁÖ´Â ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ±âÁØÀÇ ´ëÁ¶±º ¿¬±¸´Â ¾ø´Ù´Â ÇѰè´Â ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸,
ÀÌ·± ÇѰèÁ¡¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÔÁõÀº °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù.
2. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)
ÁÖÀǷ°áÇ̰úÀ×ÇൿÀå¾Ö(ADHD)´Â ¼Ò¾ÆÃ»¼Ò³â Á¤½ÅÀÇÇп¡ ÀÖ¾î °¡Àå ÈçÈ÷ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁúȯÀ̸ç, ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ»
Àû¿ëÇÑ ÀÓ»ó ¿¬±¸°¡ °¡Àå Ȱ¹ßÈ÷ ÁøÇàµÇ¾î¿Â ºÐ¾ßµé Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ADHD ¾Æµ¿Àº Àü±â»ý¸®ÇÐÀû(electrophysiology)À¸·Î
ÀÏ¹Ý ¾Æµ¿°ú´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ Mann µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÁÖÀÇ·ÂÀ» ¿äÇÏ´Â °úÁ¦¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È
Á¤»ó¾Æµ¿Àº ÀüµÎ¿±, ƯÈ÷ ¿ìÃø ÀüµÎ¿±À¸·Î betaÆÄÀÇ Áõ°¡¸¦ º¸À̳ª ADHD ¾Æµ¿ÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀÌ·± betaÆÄÀÇ
Áõ°¡¾øÀÌ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀüµÎ¿± ³úÆÄÀÇ Á֯ļö°¡ thetaÆÄ ¼öÁرîÁö ´À·ÁÁö´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î È®ÀεǾú´Ù.(21)
´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ ADHDÀÇ Áõ»óÀ» È£Àü½ÃŰ´Â ±âÀü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¸íÈ®È÷ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù °¢Á¾ ÀÇ·á ¹×
°úÇбâ¼úÀÌ ¹ß´ÞÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÌ ¹æ¸é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí Àִµ¥, fMRI¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ»
½ÃÇàÇÑ °æ¿ì¿Í ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ì ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î µå·¯³µ´Âµ¥, ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ ±º¿¡¼ ¿ìÃø
Àü´ë»óÇÇÁú(right anterior cingulate cortex), ÁÂÃø ¹Ì»óÇÙ(left caudate
nucleus), ÁÂÃø ÈæÁú(substantia nigra)µîÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ºÎÀ§°¡ Ȱ¼ºÈ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎÀ§°¡ Ä¡·á¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ °úÁ¤¿¡ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.11)
ADHD¾Æµ¿À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â 80%ÀÇ ADHD ¾Æµ¿¿¡¼ Áö´É°Ë»ç¿Í Áõ»ó ôµµ
µî¿¡¼ À¯ÀÇÇÑ Çâ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸°íÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,22)
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â û¼Ò³â°ú ¼ºÀÎ ADHDÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡µµ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ ¾à¹°°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ±âµµ
ÇÏ¿´´Ù.23) ADHD Ä¡·áÁ¦ÀÎ ¸ÞÄ¡Æä´Ïµ¥ÀÌÆ®(methylphenidate)¿Í ºñ±³ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡¼µµ TOVA(test
of variables of attention)¿Í ´Ù¸¥ Áõ»ó ôµµµé¿¡¼ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ ¾à¹°°ú ºñ½ÁÇϰųª ¿ÀÈ÷·Á
´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.24)25) ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Àü¹®°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡´Â À̰ßÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Íµµ »ç½ÇÀÌ¸ç ´º·ÎÇǵå¹é°ú ¾à¹°Ä¡·áÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ºñ±³ÇϱâÀ§Çؼ´Â Àå±âÀûÀ̰í, Àß Â¥¿©Áø ´õ ¸¹Àº
¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.22)26) ÇÑ °¡Áö ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀº ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ ADHDÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀ̸ç, ƯÈ÷
¾à¹°Ä¡·á¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ¾àÇϰųª ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì, ºÎÀÛ¿ë°ú ¼øÀÀµµ°¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀÎ Ä¡·á¹ýÀÌ
µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.27)28)
3. Stroke, Brain injury
³úÁ¹Áß È¯ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â ±Ù°Å´Â ³úÁ¹Áß È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼ÀÇ ´ë³úÇ÷·ù°¨¼Ò¿Í thetaÆÄÀÇ Áõ°¡°¡ ¼·Î
°ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ´Â Hughes¿Í JohnÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼µµ È®ÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.29) ³úÁ¹Áß ¹ß»ý ÈÄÀÇ
ÈÄÀ¯Áõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀϺΠÀÓ»ó»ç·ÊµéÀÌ º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Á¤µµÀ̳ª, Ä¡·áÈ¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â
±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.30)31)
³ú¼Õ»ó ȯÀÚµéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ü°èÀûÀÌ°í ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÁøÇàµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. µÎºÎ¿Ü»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
³ú¼Õ»óÀÇ °æ¿ì ³úÀÇ ±âÁúÀûÀÎ ¼Õ»ó°ú ÇÔ²² ³úÆÄÀÇ º¯È(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, 35Hz ÀÌ»óÀÇ °¨¸¶ÆÄ(gamma band))¸¦
°¡Á®¿À°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È´Â ³ú¼Õ»ó ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇнÀ´É·ÂÀ̳ª ÀÎÁö±â´ÉÀÇ ÀúÇÏ¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í
ÇÑ´Ù.32) ÀÌ·± ³»¿ëÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î Ȱ¼º(activation) ȤÀº ºñȰ¼º(underactivation)µÈ
³úÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ȸº¹½Ã۱âÀ§ÇØ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ¾îÁö°í Àִµ¥, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸µé¿¡¼ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» ¿Ü»ó¼º
³ú¼Õ»ó(traumatic barin injury, TBI)ȯÀÚµéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÇÑ °á°ú TBIȯÀÚ Áß 60%¿¡¼
ÀÎÁöÀÇ À¯¿¬¼º(cognitive flexibility)°ú ½ÇÇà±â´É(executive function),
´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ ÀÎÁö±â´ÉÀÌ Çâ»óµÊÀ» º¸°íÇÏ¿´°í,33)34)35) ³ú¼Õ»ó ÈÄÀÇ ¿îµ¿±â´ÉÀÇ Çâ»ó¿¡µµ
È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¿¬±¸°á°úµµ ÀÖ´Ù.36) ÀÌ´Â ³úÁ¹Áß(stroke)À̳ª ³ú¼Õ»ó ȯÀÚÀÇ ÀçȰ¿¡ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ°í ȯÀÚµéÀ» µµ¿ï ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Á¡À» ½Ã»çÇØÁØ´Ù.
4. Mood and affective disorders
ºÒ¾ÈÀ̳ª ¿ì¿ïÁõ, ¼º°Ý¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀϺΠÀÓ»ó »ç·Êº¸°í¿Í ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ëºÎºÐ alpha-theta ÈÆ·Ã¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù ¾ËÄÝÀÇÁ¸ ȯÀÚµéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ Peniston°ú
KulkoskyÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ alpha-theta ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¹ÞÀº ÈÄ ¼º°ÝÀÌ ¿Â¼øÇØÁö°í, °¨Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤À» ã°í,
ÀÌ¿ÏµÇ°í ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿öÇÏ´Â ¼º°ÝÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °üÂûµÇ¾ú´Ù.5)
¿ì¿ïÁõ ȯÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ÀüµÎ¿±¿¡¼ÀÇ ³úÆÄ°¡ ºñ´ëĪÀûÀ̶ó´Â »ç½Ç°ú ƯÈ÷ ÁÂÃø ÀüµÎ¿±¿¡¼ÀÇ
³·Àº Ȱ¼º(hypoactivity)ÀÌ ¿ì¿ïÁõ°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼ Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.29) ÀÌÈÄ ÀϺΠ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ
º¸°íµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¾ÆÁ÷ ´Ù¼öÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾øÀ¸³ª, ¿ì¿ïÁõ ȯÀڵ鿡¼ Áõ»óÀÇ È£ÀüÀ» º¸¿´´ø Áõ·ÊÀÇ
º¸°íµµ ÀÖ°í,37) RaymondµîÀº 12¸íÀÇ Àǰú´ëÇб³ 2Çгâ ÇлýÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ alpha-theta
ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼º°Ý°ú ±âºÐÀÇ º¯È°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.38)
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹é Ä¡·á°¡ ºÒ¾ÈÀå¾ÖÀÇ Áõ»ó¿ÏÈ¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¿¹ÀüºÎÅÍ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸,39)
´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀÇ °æ¿ì ÈξÀ ´õ ³ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Á¢±ÙÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ºÒ¾ÈÀ» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ alpha-theta ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÅëÇØ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ¾ÈÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
Moor´Â alpha-thetaÈÆ·Ã¹ýÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÀå¾ÖÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ë½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÓÀ» º¸°íÇÏ¿´°í,40)
½ÇÁ¦·Î Hammond µîÀº ¿Ü»óÈÄ ½ºÆ®·¹½º Àå¾Ö¿Í °¹ÚÀå¾Ö¿Í °°Àº ºÒ¾ÈÀå¾Ö¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.41)
ƯÈ÷, ¿Ü»óÈÄ ½ºÆ®·¹½º Àå¾Ö¿Í °ü·ÃÇØ¼´Â º£Æ®³²Àü ÂüÀü ±ºÀεéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÀ» ÇÏ¿© È¿°ú¸¦ º¸¾Ò´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡
´Ù¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.42)43)
5. Other psychiatric disorders
±âºÐ ¹× ºÒ¾ÈÀå¾Ö ¿Ü¿¡µµ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤½Å°úÀû Áúȯ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½Ãµµ°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Peniston5)ÀÇ
¿¬±¸ÀÌÈÄ ¾ËÄÝÀÇÁ¸ ¹× À½ÁÖÁ¶Àý¿¡ ´ëÇØ È¿°ú°¡ º¸°íµÇ°í Àִµ¥, ¼ºÀÎÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡¼µµ À½ÁÖÁ¶Àý
¹× ¿ì¿ïÁõ»óÀÇ È£ÀüÀ» º¸¿´´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´°í,44)45) û¼Ò³â¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹°Áú³²¿ë¿¡µµ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ°í
ÀÖ´Ù.46) ¶Ç, ¼ö¸éÀå¾ÖÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÇǵå¹éÀÌ ÀϺΠȿ°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÔÁõµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, SMR
¹× Theta ÈÆ·Ã¹ýµµ ¼ö¸éÀå¾Ö È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.47) À̿ܿ¡µµ Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇмúÁö¿¡ º¸°íµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸,
¼·½ÄÀå¾ÖÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç·Êº¸°íµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¾Õ¿¡¼ ¼³¸íÇÑ ADHDÀ̿ܿ¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¼Ò¾ÆÃ»¼Ò³âÁ¤½ÅÀÇÇкоßÀÇ Áúȯµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ü°èÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í
ÀÖÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸, Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̳ª¸¶ ¸î¸î ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ´Ù. ADHD¿Íµµ ¸¹Àº ¿¬°ü¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ´Â ÇнÀÀå¾Ö(learning disability)¿¡ ƯÈ÷ È¿°ú°¡ ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í Àִµ¥, Lubar
µîÀº ÇнÀÀå¾Ö¸¦ °¡Áø ¾Æµ¿°ú Á¤»ó ¾Æµ¿µé »çÀÌ¿¡ EEG»óÀÇ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´°í,48) ÀÌÈÄ À̸¦
¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» ÇнÀÀå¾ÖÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ µµÀÔÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú°¡ ±â´ëµÈ´Ù.49) ÀÚÆóÀå¾Ö(autistic
disorder)¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸µµ Àִµ¥, 24¸íÀÇ ÀÚÆóÀå¾Ö ȯ¾Æ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ´º·ÎÇǵå¹éÀ» Àû¿ëÇÑ °á°ú Áõ»óÀÇ
Á¤µµ³ª ³ªÀÌ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ 26%ÀÇ ¾Æµ¿¿¡¼ ÀÚÆóÁõ»óÀÌ ¿ÏȵǴ °ÍÀ» º¸°íÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.50) ¼Ò¾ÆÃ»¼Ò³â¿¡°Ô
Àû¿ëµÇ¾î È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°íµÈ ´Ù¸¥ Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â »ç·ÊµéÀº ¶Ñ·¿Àå¾Ö(Tourette's disorder)¿Í ǰÇàÀå¾Ö(Conduct
disorder)¿Í °°Àº °ø°ÝÀûÀÎ Çൿ¹®Á¦µµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,51)52) À̿ܿ¡µµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ½ÇÇèÀûÀÎ ´Ü°èÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸
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Á߽ɴܾî ; neurofeedback, biofeedback epilepsy, ADHD, peak performance
Abstract
The Introduction and clinical applications of neurfeedback
Hyung-Bae Park, MD. PhD1, Hyung-mo
Sung, MD. PhD2
1Mind-medi clinic, Seoul, Korea
2Department of psychiatry, Gumi cha hospital, Pochon cha university,
Gumi, Korea
Neurofeedback, also known as EEG biofeedback or neurotherapy,
is a new therapy differentiated from biofeedback in that brain
waves are monitored to study brain itself as well as its functions.
Needless to say, it has originated from biofeedback, however
it has established itself as an independent and specialized
therapy in the field of neurotherapy.
In order to have a better understanding of neurofeedback we
are going to have a look into its historical and theoretical
background first and then we will explain how it can be used
clinically. Neurofeedback was clinically introduced for epilepsy
for the first time and its effect was proved. Since then it
has been used successfully for a number of psychiatric disorders,
such as ADHD, anxiety, anxiety and mood disorder, sleep disorder,
substance dependency, etc. Furthermore, it has been used for
non-psychiatric or psychosomatic symptoms, such as headache,
chronic pains, chronic fatigue symptoms, etc. Recently, it
has been also used for non-medical areas, such as improvement
of peak performance for sports and art activities, enhancement
of cognitive function, etc., making the neurofeedback a very
promising field for its potential and effectiveness.
Key words ; neurofeedback, biofeedback epilepsy, ADHD, peak
performance |
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Table 1. Possible therapeutic
& clinical applications of neurofeedback |
Addiction
|
Epilepsy |
Anxiety and affective disorders
|
Learning disabilities |
ADHD1
|
Migraine |
Attachment disorder
|
OCD3 |
Autism
|
Premenstrual syndrome |
| Chronic pain |
Post-traumatic stress disorder |
Chronic fatigue syndrome
|
Sleep disorder |
Conduct disorder, ODD2
|
Stroke |
Depression and mood disorders
|
Tourette's disorder |
Eating disorder
|
Traumatic brain injury |
Others
- hypertension, tinnitus, incontinence, irritable
bowel syndrome
- peak performance, obesity etc. |
|
1Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2Oppositional defiant disorder 3Obsessive
compulsive disorder |
|
|
|
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| |
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Neurofeedback ¿µ¹®°ÀÇ·Ï |
Introduction to Neurofeedback
Neurofeedback is a technique in which we train the brain to help improve its ability to regulate all bodily functions and to take care of itself. When the brain is not functioning well, evidence of this often shows up in the EEG (Electroencephalogram). By challenging the brain, much as you challenge your body in physical exercise, we can help your brain learn to function better.
A better functioning brain can improve sleep patterns. When you sleep more efficiently, you are more alert during the day. It can help with anxiety and depression, and with syndromes like migraine or chronic pain. Secondly, it can be helpful in managing attention - how well you can persist even at a boring task. Thirdly, it can help you manage the emotions. Emotions may feel like the real you, but your brain has a lot to say about how you feel and react. If the emotions are out of control, that's trainable. If they aren't there---as in lack of empathy, for example---that, too, is trainable.
Finally, there are some specific issues where the EEG neurofeedback training can be helpful, such as in cases of seizures, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and autism. In these instances the training does not so much get rid of the problem as it simply organizes the brain to function better in the context of whatever injury or loss exists.
Once you accept the possibility that this training might be effective for you, the next question is: Will this training change who you are? If a child known for his temper outbursts does the training and the rages fall away, he is certainly different but the parents would say, we have our real son now. Their worst features should not define a person. The training brings you closer to who you really are. That is our experience. And because this training really allows your true self to emerge, others may notice the changes in you even before you do.
Is there a completion to the training? In order to reach a specific objective, the training usually continues for a specific number of sessions. If there is a loss of optimal training effect after completion, due to stresses in your life, a few booster sessions may be recommended. However, just as concert pianists practice more than the rest of us, rather than less, Neurofeedback training can be used without limit to enhance performance. This "peak performance training" may be of interest to professional athletes, corporate executives, and performing artists.
General FAQ
What is EEG Biofeedback?
EEG Biofeedback is a learning strategy that enables persons to alter their brain waves. When information about a person's own brain wave characteristics is made available to him, he can learn to change them. You can think of it as exercise for the brain.
What? is it used for?
EEG Biofeedback is used for many conditions and disabilities in which the brain is not working as well as it might. These include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and more severe conduct problems, specific learning disabilities, and related issues such as sleep problems in children, teeth grinding, and chronic pain such as frequent headaches or stomach pain, or pediatric migraines.
The training is also helpful with the control of mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, as well as for more severe conditions such as medically uncontrolled seizures, minor traumatic brain injury, or cerebral palsy.
How is it used for?
An initial interview is done to obtain a description of symptoms, and to get a picture of the health history and family history. Some testing may be done as well. And the person does the first EEG training session, at which time we get a look at the EEG. This all may take about two hours. (The details may differ among the various affiliate offices. In some offices a full brain map, or quantitative EEG, is routinely obtained, which may require a separate office visit. Or more extensive testing may be done.) Subsequent training sessions last about 40 minutes to an hour, and are conducted from one to five times per week. Some improvement is generally seen within ten sessions. Once learning is consolidated, the benefit appears to be permanent in most cases.
The EEG biofeedback training is a painless, non-invasive procedure. One or more sensors are placed on the scalp, and one to each ear. The brain waves are monitored by means of an amplifier and a computer-based instrument that processes the signal and provides the proper feedback. This is displayed to the trainee by means of a video game or other video display, along with audio signals. The trainee is asked to make the video game go with his brain. As activity in a desirable frequency band increases, the video game moves faster, or some other reward is given. As activity in an adverse band increases, the video game is inhibited. Gradually, the brain responds to the cues that it is being given, and a "learning" of new brain wave patterns takes place. The new pattern is one which is closer to what is normally observed in individuals without such disabilities.
What Therapeutic Applications have Clinical Evidence?
There are clinical reports or case histories concerning the effectiveness of neurofeedback for the following therapeutic applications. See also Therapeutic Applications of Neurofeedback.
What results do we obtain?
In the case of ADHD, impulsivity, distractibility, and hyperactivity may all respond to the training. This may lead to much more successful school performance. Cognitive function may improve as well. In several controlled studies, increases of 10 points in IQ score were found for a representative group of ADHD children. And in two clinical studies, an average increase of 19 and 23 points was demonstrated.
Behavior may improve in other ways as well: If the child has a lot of temper tantrums, is belligerent, and even violent or cruel, these aspects of behavior may come under the child's control.
In the case of depression, there can be a gradual recovery of "affect", or emotional responsiveness, and a reduction of effort fatigue. In the case of anxiety and panic attacks, there is gradual improvement in "regulation", with a dropoff in frequency and severity of anxiety episodes and panic attacks until the condition normalizes.
In the case of epilepsy, we observe a reduction in severity and incidence (frequency of occurrence) of seizures. In many cases .(old sentence) The dosage of anticonvulsant medication may ultimately be reduced (if ordered by the referring neurologist), and side effects of such medication may diminish.
Can a successful outcome be predicted?
It is not possible to predict with certainty that training will be successful for a particular condition. But for the more common conditions we see, a reasonable prediction of outcome is usually possible. More important, however, the effectiveness of the training can usually be assessed early in the course of training. For most conditions, there are no known adverse side effects of the training, provided that it is conducted under professional guidance.
Why does this training procedure work?
The brain is amazingly adaptable, and capable of learning. It can also learn to improve its own performance, if only it is given cues about what to change. By making information available to the brain about how it is functioning, and asking it to make adjustments, it can do so. When the mature brain is doing a good job of regulating itself, and the person is alert and attentive, the brain waves (EEG) show a particular pattern. We challenge the person to maintain this "high-performance", alert and attentive state. Gradually, the brain learns, just like it learns anything else. And like with other learning, the brain tends to retain the new skill.
We observe that if the EEG is not well-behaved under these circumstances, there may be adverse impacts on learning ability, on moods, on sleep, and on behavior. With training, these may be gradually brought under control, along with normalization of the EEG.
What does EEG Biofeedback look like?

The therapist computer is usually positioned behind the patient. This enables the therapist to monitor the patient's EEG at any time during the session without disturbing the biofeedback.
A single electrode is placed on the scalp (above the motor strip, typically) using gel or paste and two other electrodes are attached to the earlobes. Most patient recline during training.
The game computer is placed a few feet away, directly in front of the patient. The patient interacts (only using her EEG) with the game computer for the next 30 minutes.

Each display contains four EEG data streams (below each stream are text and average data values). The top line, slightly squiggly, is the person's entire EEG recorded from the scalp by the single active electrode. The three wavy lines below show activity in three separate EEG frequency bands or rhythms -- here, theta, SMR, and high beta bands. The patient's goal is to increase certain EEG frequency bands (e.g., SMR) while decreasing others (e.g., theta & high beta).The patient monitors her EEG frequency band activity NOT as wavy lines on the therapist machine, but as elements of a game on the game computer. Each frequency band appears as a colored rectangle which grows larger or smaller in response to her brain wave activity.
With her brainwaves she is playing the game called "Islands." Frequency band activity is displayed at the bottom of the screen -- two square "inhibit" boxes on either side on a large "enhance" rectangle. At this instant, she is doing quite well, inhibiting or reducing the activity of the bands represented by purple & yellow (at the moment, mere dots in each corner of the screen). She has increased her SMR activity to a point where it overflows the middle (blue) rectangle. As long as she keeps this up, she is rewarded in the game with visual and auditory stimuli. During the 30 minute session, she will work to keep purple and yellow small and make blue large as long as possible. Hundreds of times she may need to alter her brain activity in order to achieve a brain state which scores the most points. For every half second that her brainwaves stay in the desired state or "zone", she scores another point, an additional seagull appears in the sky (top of screen, barely visible), a new stripe segment is drawn on the highway (middle of screen), and a beep sounds to announce it all. If or when she attains 500 points, the volcano (middle left) will erupt!
How long does training normally take?
EEG training is a learning process, and therefore results are seen gradually over time. For most conditions, initial progress can be seen within about ten sessions. Initial training goals may be met by twenty sessions, at which time the initial retests are usually performed. In the case of hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder, training is expected to take about forty sessions, or even more in severe cases. Teeth grinding usually responds in twenty sessions. Some symptoms of head injury often respond in less than twenty sessions (quality of sleep; fatigue; chronic pain), whereas others may require longer training before they show an initial response (memory function, for example).
How frequent should the training sessions be?
In the initial stages of learning, the sessions should be regular and frequent, at two, three, or even more sessions per week. After learning begins to consolidate, the pace can be reduced. Daily sessions can be very beneficial as well.
Is EEG biofeedback covered by insurance?
Many medical and psychological insurance plans now cover biofeedback for various conditions. Some require co-payments. Other plans have annual caps. A prescription for the training, along with a diagnosis, may be required from a physician under the medical part of the plan, or from a licensed psychologist under the mental health services part of the plan. Medicare pays for EEG biofeedback for some conditions.
My doctor is skeptical about EEG Biofeedback. What can I do?
Your doctor may not know of this specific type of biofeedback. He or she will maintain a healthy skepticism about any new approach claiming numerous benefits. If your doctor is familiar with EEG biofeedback in general, he may still be thinking in terms of the more common early experiments with alpha wave training, rather than with the training we are dealing with here. Ask your doctor to examine the recent research on the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback in treating various disorders such as attention deficit disorder and epilepsy. The following references are a place where he or she can start:
- Duffy FH (2000). The state of EEG biofeedback therapy (EEG operant conditioning) in 2000: an editor's opinion Clinical Electroencephalography, 31, v-vii.
- Egner T, & Gruzelier JH (2004). The temporal dynamics of electroencephalographic responses to alpha/theta neurofeedback training in healthy subjects. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8, 43-57.
- Fernandez T et al (2003). EEG and behavioral changes following neurofeedback treatment in learning disabled children Clinical Electroencephalography, 34, 145-52
- Hirshberg LM (2005). Emerging brain-based interventions for children and adolescents: overview and clinical perspective. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 1-19
- Lubar JF & Lubar JO (1999). Neurofeedback assessment and treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (pp. 103-143). In JR Evans & A Abarbanel (Eds), Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Rossiter T. (2004). The effectiveness of neurofeedback and stimulant drugs in treating AD/HD: Part I. Review of methodological issues. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 29, 95-112; Part II, Replication. 29, 233-43.
- Sterman, M.B. (1996). Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic activities: Implications for self-regulation. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 21, 3-33.
- Trudeau DL (2005). Applicability of brain wave biofeedback to substance use disorder in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 125-36
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How much does the training cost?
The cost of the training differs among offices depending on location, the professional status of the person delivering the service, and on supplementary services offered. Typically, individual sessions run from $50 to $125. Discounts are often available for payment in advance.
Therapeutic Uses
Therapeutic Applications of Neurofeedback. The following is an alphabetical listing of available links to data on therapeutic applications for neurofeedback available at this website. A listing of potential therapeutic applications for neurofeedback, grouped on the basis of research and/or clinical data appears below.
Therapeutic Applications of Neurofeedback. The therapeutic applications that appear below are grouped according to the currently-available level of research and/or clinical data. The presence of certain therapeutic applications in the third grouping may also be based on the need for professionals to be aware of the potential for side effects. It should be noted that these groupings will most likely be subject to revision as the knowledge base for neurofeedback continues to expand.
The following syndromes have published evidence of effectiveness using Neurofeedback:
The following syndromes have clinical reports of effectiveness using Neurofeedback:
The following are experimental applications for Neurofeedback:
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Brain waves are used in three different ways. Clinically, as with epilepsy; for finding problems by looking at brain wave densities in different parts of the brain, and in neuro-feedback trainings to teach self-regulation of brain waves. For example, if a student with learning disorder seems to have normal brain wave activities, then you construct a brain map with different densities marked with different colors. Next, you train the student with the neuro-feedback technique. A characteristic of this technique is that a person can isolate and train specific brain waves that are most problematic. For example, if a student constantly feels tired because he has too many theta waves, then you can isolate the theta waves and teach the student how to regulate them. The instant feedback system is essential to this technique. Another good thing about neuro-feedback is that it teaches suppression of harmful waves and stimulation of helpful waves, which results in more effective and dramatic improvements.
Intellectualizing helps brain activity monitoring because a mind state can be described as a specific frequency of brain waves, as in the case of delta waves and drowsiness.
Next, specific brain wave patterns are consistent with certain disorders. ADHD patients have weak beta wave activity and strong theta activity because they can¡¯t concentrate and they constantly feel tired. Lowering theta wave activity level through training improves ADHD. Neurofeedback can teach people to reulate their brain wave patterns, so it is clinically helpful.
People learn to control their brain wave activity through neurofeedback. It¡¯s a learned response. The good thing about the brain is that, unlike the body, it memorizes a skill after 1,500 to 5,000 times of repetition. ADHD patients are normally trained over 40 sessions, which is the standard number of sessions for complete acquisition. Using electrodes to detect brain waves has nothing to do with brain washing.
The body also has a natural bio feedback system: the vestibular system. When a person on a motorcycle tilts his body, the vestibular system shifts with it to maintain equilibrium. People with problems in this area don¡¯t even try this because they¡¯re too scared.
Attaching electrodes to the scalp produces brainwaves on a screen, which are divided between wave bands that need to be suppressed and wave bands that need to be activated. Patients learn to regulate them by looking at how and when they change.
For example, a person who¡¯s been in an accident has too much delta waves, which slows down information processing. Neuro-feedback isolates the delta waves and teaches the person how to inhibit it.
People generally understand brain waves to occur when they are awake, but delta waves signal deep sleep. Theta waves signal drowsy state, alpha waves absent-mindedness, and beta thinking. All waves are important for every physical state, so isolating each wave to signal a certain state is not very helpful. People who have suffered brain damage or strokes show too much delta wave activity while they are awake, so they process information slowly and speak slowly. What¡¯s interesting is that many fortunetellers have active delta waves, because delta waves are also used for reading people¡¯s minds.
Neurofeedback training teaches a person to control his subconscious anger and fear with alpha theta training. Making the patient visualize a bad experience at the theta wave level improves his condition dramatically. Theta waves are also present when a person experiences satisfaction beyond words. Learning requires not only concentration from beta waves but also passion from theta waves. Also, it¡¯s drowsiness in conscious state, but in meditation, it¡¯s an extremely relaxed state, where time and pain fade away.
This is how Buddhist monks meditate for a year or even two years, because they reach a state of mind that surpasses time. They don¡¯t have to endure the pain because they are above pain. They don¡¯t eat not because they are consciously fighting the temptation of hunger but because they feel uncomfortable when they eat, because metabolism slows in a theta wave state. Alpha wave acts as the bridge between conscious and subconscious. It¡¯s only relevant to learning in that it allows for storing memory through visualization. Not being able to remember a dream is because of lack of alpha wave activity.
Next, the sensory motor rhythm. 10~15 Hz is being still with eyes focused. 15~18Hz is where you can really concentrate. Neurofeedback training would target this range for people with concentration problems. High beta, which is above 18Hz, is accompanied by tension. When people reach this state, they study well without any tensions. The only problem is that they don¡¯t study the rest of the time because they¡¯re always tired. Gamma state occurs at above 35Hz, where the brain is too excited.
Looking at brain wave development in respect to age, theta waves in the womb forms a sense of unity with the mother. Alpha waves make the infant feel disconnected at around 4 to 5 months after birth. He then gradually moves into beta state with acquisition of language. All waves are important in learning. Students who constantly feel tired do significantly better with beta wave training, and those who are unmotivated improve with alpha theta training. People with dyslexia see the world in three dimensionally, which can be a huge advantage over others, as was the case with Einstein. He saw time relatively. Time goes faster when you¡¯re happy, and slower when you¡¯re in pain. Time on the Earth is different than time in space. It was only possible with the three dimensional perception.
Neurofeedback training considers a symptom on a wide spectrum rather than just treating one problem. Training for one symptom actually improves other symptoms in many cases, because multiple centers in the brain are involved in performing one action. Diagnosis should not be limited to finding one single cause of a problem. ADHD patients sleep late and can¡¯t wake up in the morning. The disorder is related to sleeping disorder. It¡¯s all connected. Many dyslexic patients experience nausea and phobia, which are connected to the vestibular. So, improving the vestibular function improves dyslexia.
Stimulating one region of the brain also stimulates other areas. Just as your mood changes after listening to music, auditory system doesn¡¯t just process sound but also provides energy to the brain.
When performing neurofeedback, you just need to identify the malfunctioning region of the brain and decide how to treat it. Next, you reorganize the perceptual processing mechanism. After a certain point, you will see changes in drawings or IQ. The training also normalizes sensory information processing and inhibits inappropriate motor response. The mood anxiety anger of the orbital prefrontal cortex improves dramatically. It also reorganizes memory.
There are two was to administer neurofeedback training. Beta wave training is performed with the patient¡¯s eye opened. This is usually for problems in the conscious, cerebral cortex. Alpha theta training is performed with the eyes closed, because visual stimulation releases beta waves. The subconscious is most stable when theta waves are stable. Alpha theta learning is deep state.
Just a brief explanation of the device. It identifies a range of brain wave frequencies that need to be suppressed and other frequencies that need to be stimulated, and show them on a screen. Once the training begins, the device awards the participant with points for correctly stimulating or suppressing the respective frequencies. It¡¯s a mix of visual and auditory training.
What does neurofeedback improve? It trains patients to stay awake, not to get nervous, and to concentrate. It also trains them to shift between different physiological and psychological states. Unlike sleeping pills, neurofeedback training doesn¡¯t make the patient drowsy during the day, because it normalizes the natural physiological rhythm. Patients learn to maintain their acquired state, like concentration. It¡¯s teaching the brain to be stable and flexible. In the end, it¡¯s a way to teach people how to control themselves, and thereby enhancing brain function.
This is a brain map of an ADHD patient. As you can see, there is too much of alpha and theta waves and not enough of beta waves in the frontal lobe. I performed the training with one of my ADHD patients, and his theta waves began to normalize and ADHD started getting better after 20 repetitions.
What is the mechanism of alpha theta waves? Firstly, the theta is a passage to separating the subconscious from the conscious. This enables treatment of the subconscious without intervention from the conscious. In this case, the clinician becomes the conscious. Treating the subconscious this way and then tying it back to the conscious has dramatic effects in recovering from traumatic material. Next, it improves and stimulates communication between the two hemispheres. Thirdly, it reduces sympathetic overreactivity, which then relieves high blood pressure. Panic disorder patients have high blood pressure even after taking medication, but with alpha theta training, they learn to enter theta state which then lowers the pressure by 20. Why? Because the autonomic nervous system itself is suppressed. Next, it transforms traumatic material into historical memory. The patient severs the emotions tied to the event in the subconscious state so that the event just becomes something that he witnessed. EMDR treatment works in the same way.
Treating computer, alcohol, or any other addictions targets the basal ganglia. Calming the indulgence centers like the nucleus accumbuns and maintaining stable theta waves in those regions eliminates the triggering effect itself. This in turn eliminates all desires of such kind on the conscious level. One of my panic disorder patients stopped smoking once he got better. Another thing to point out is that a large number of people with addictions are dopamine deficient. ADHD is a dopamine deficient state, which makes the patients more addictive than regular people. Training patients to generate alpha waves, which directly arouses pleasure, can reduce addiction.
There¡¯s something called the cross over concept that¡¯s related to alpha-theta training. Normally, alpha starts out high and theta low, and they meet somewhere in the middle, at which point the person enters the subconscious state and may see bright lights or meet people who¡¯ve already passed away. This is cross over.
In the initial stages of training, people begin to cross over, but then they are surprised by the lights so they spark back to the conscious state. After a while, their alpha and theta waves start together from the beginning and continually cross over.
Normal arousal curve looks like this. For example, studying is possible only from this point on. This part shows loss of concentration. For students with deficient °¢¼º, their curves look like this, which is why they find it hard to start studying. They procrastinate. Trying to study in this state forcefully only make them tired. Solving for just this problem with neurofeedback training improves a lot of things.
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Cases
< Disregulation of Arousal>

This is when the arousal is very unstable. The brain region most directly tied to arousal is verticular activation system. He is a freshman in college. He had to withdraw because he couldn¡¯t wake up in the morning. He had too much delta activation. He got better after 10 sessions.
< Sleep Disorder>
Sleeping disorder occurs because the person stays in the beta wave range even with his eyes closed. Beta deficiency causes difficulties waking up. This person had insomnia. He began to regulate his alpha and theta waves after 9 sessions.
<ADHD>

ADHD is a problem in the frontal lobe. He is 12 year old ADD patient. He used to make silly mistakes, but after neurofeedback training, he was acing all his math tests. This is a 14 year old with cerebral palsy and a weak right hand. I had a hard time treating him because he kept on falling asleep. He started getting better after 20 sessions though, and after 100 sessions, he could use his right hand. I realized that neural problems can be overcome with repetition. The reason I don¡¯t do this with my patients is because I can¡¯t guarantee the results. His ADD got better as well. Support from the parents is critical.
He suffered from Kawasaki syndrome when he was young. His grades were so poor he was at the back of the whole school, but after neurofeedback training, he came 18th in his class. He¡¯s studying to become a doctor now.
This is a 5 year old, ADHD, a successful case.
The same with him. Used to display compulsive behavior.
He had ADHD and Tourette¡¯s syndrome. His learning improved with neurofeedback training.
<Tic Disorder>
This is a Tourette¡¯s patient. Tourette¡¯s is a problem of the putamen, which controls automatic movement. It¡¯s hard to treat tic patients with only conscious training because it¡¯s a subcortical problem, but the problem is that they fall asleep as soon as they close their eyes. This guy used to scream every 2 minutes. I couldn¡¯t talk to him because I kept getting startled. Medication didn¡¯t work, so I persisted with the subconscious training, and he doesn¡¯t scream anymore.
<Tremor of Hand>
He is a 66 year old doctor. He had hand tremors on both sides, but it subsided after 10 sessions to the point where he could operate again. This is a problem of the basal ganglia. His basal ganglia was too tense from all the operations.
<Regeneration of Negative Emotional Memory>
Next is memory generation. All emotional memories are stored in the amygdala. A stimulus is passed on to the hypothalamus, where it stimulates the autonomic nervous system and arouses physiological response. This response is then detected by the frontal lobe and the relevant emotions with it. Another pathway lead straight to the frontal lobe, but the former pathway is activated quicker. That¡¯s why you can only respond to emotional stimuli emotionally. Training the hypothalamus not to stimulate the autonomic nervous system desensitizes the emotional pathway.
<Anger Control>
Anger management. When people are agitated, their neural circuit becomes fixated, and they respond in the same way to similar stimuli.
This one has no problems with learning, but everyone made fun of him, so his hand became twisted because he didn¡¯t vent out his anger. He got better with neurofeedback. He has no anger now, so his test scores are better than before.
<Phobia>

It¡¯s the same with phobias. Phobic memory is stored in amygdala, so people respond in the same way whenever they face similar situations.
He is a 6th grader. His anger broke up his concentration, but this was expressed as a phobic reaction. He also had compulsive tendencies, so I performed neurofeedback. He couldn¡¯t enter the subconscious state in the beginning, but later on, his phobia went away whenever he entered the subconscious state.
<Panic Disorder>

That means amygdala is now much more stable than before. Panic disorder is also started by an excited basal ganglia, and remembering the place is of first panic attack is agoraphobia.
This is a high school graduate preparing for the university entrance exam. He had a panic attack during the exam last year. He came to me only after around 4 attacks, and he got better with alpha-theta and beta trainings.
<Depression>

Depression is caused by changes in limbic system, which stops coloring emotional tones.
This is a special case, irrelevant to learning. He suffered from depression for 5 years, which got worse after he lost his daughter to breast cancer 3 years ago. Medication didn¡¯t work. I came across this patient by chance, and he became completely well after 20 sessions. He got better so quickly because he trusted me.
<OCD>

Compulsive disorder is caused by automatic thought, which is related to the caudate. If the orbital frontal cortex detects something weird, it subconsciously passes that information on to the caudate. Caudate then triggers something and focuses on that stimuli through the cingulate cortex.
This is a high school kid with compulsive disorder and split personality disorder. He got better with 40 sessions. In my opinion, around 50% of compulsive disorder is successfully treated with neurofeedback, but in the successful instances, patients improve dramatically.
<Test Anxiety>

Test anxiety is the same. Repeating the same neural circuits and the same responses to similar situations.
He fell asleep during his college entrance exam because of test anxiety. He trained for 2 months, and he¡¯ll be a freshman this year.
<Chronic Fatigue Syndrome>

Chronic fatigue is a problem in the information processing stages of the limbic system. A pain of degree 5 becomes degree 15 when it passes through the limbic system. Exhaustion is misinterpreted in the same way. Neurofeedback is good because it is effective in solving problems in the basal ganglia, amygdala, and limbic system when medical tests show nothing.
21 year old female, a freshman in college. A month of hospitalization did nothing for her, and I realized that it was a chronic fatigue problem, so I began neurofeedback training with her and she got better after 20 sessions. Lack of motivation. Problem of the limbic system and basal ganglia, and addiction centers.
<Unmotivated Student>
 
This is an 8th grader. He has close to zero motivation. He is in treatment now, and is becoming more and more expressive.
<Addiction>

Computer addiction. It usually originates from here, so the patient can¡¯t help himself. This guy couldn¡¯t g to school for a whole year because he wakes up at noon. The bigger problem is that his dad wakes up at 11. He couldn¡¯t possibly correct himself with his dad right in front of him providing him with excuses. His sleeping problem got better with training, and he has no trouble going to school.
<IQ Imbalance>
Different methods of information processing. A wide IQ gap between the two hemispheres can be corrected with neurofeedback.
<Dyslexia>
Dyslexia is a problem with processing language. Visual information processing malfunction is is visual dyslexia. Insular cortex, which connects these regions, fails to activate. Activating the neural circuit itself can improve the condition.
<Dyslexia and LD>
He has both learning disorder and dyslexia. Training the left brain increased its IQ by 9 points.
<Dyslexia and Irlen Syndrome>
This guy has Irlen syndrome and dyslexia. Treating his Irlen syndrome also improved his expressive skills. They learn to reorganize what they¡¯ve already learned once their neural circuits improve.
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